Economical importance of bryophytes

-
ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES Mosses and Bryophytes are the first organiasms to colonise rocks. They colonise rock by acidic secretion. This acidic secretion is due to the death of mosses. When the rock is decomposed it helps in soil formation. Therefore New soils are formed. The soil act as binders.  It prevent soil erosion. The water retention capacity of the soil is high ie, water holding capacity of the soil is high.  This reduces surface water run-off which prevent soil erosion. Bryophyte helps in the recycling of nutrients. ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES. 1) SPHAGNUM Sphagnum has high absorptive power with antiseptic property. This can be used to replace cotton in bandages. 2) MERCHANTIA   Mercahntia cures pulmonary tuberculosisand affliction (pain) in liver. Antibiotic substances are also extracted from bryophytes. it also acts as antiseptic, and as preservative POLYTRICHUM Polytrichum dissolove stone in kidney and in gall bladder. 3) IN RESEARCH It is used in the fie
1 comment

Basics of biological classification of living world part 2

-
Taxon - This word signifies a taxonomic group of any rank ( category) which represent the real biological organism include in the category like 
   Mays( species) , roses( genus ) , grasses ( family) , conifers ( order) , dicots( class) seed plant( division) etc. 
    Ex, Zeamays is a taxon while species mays is a category. 
     Category represents an abstract term, but taxon represents the real biological organism. 

Taxonomic hierarchy
   The main aim of taxonomical study is to assigned organisms in an appropriate place in a systematic frame work of classification, it also the frame work in which taxonomic groups are arranged in definite order from higher to lawyer categories. It also called Linnaean hierarchy. Linnaeus first used only five categories such as class, order, genus, species and variety. The variety was discarded and three are added so that now there are seven obligate categories ie 

1. Kingdom
2.division ( for plants) or phylum
3.class
4.order
5.family
6.genus
7.species

   In order to make taxonomic position of species presise certain sub categories have been added to this list and they are called intermediate categories is super kingdom, sub division, sub class, super class etc. Tribe is the intermediate category between sub family and genus. Both in plant and animal kingdom species is the lowest category and kingdom is the highest category. As we go from species towards the kingdom the numbers of similarities decreases.  

     Of this various categories of classification, only species have the real existence in nature, other are merely man made convenient and arbitrary groups with out existence in nature. So, species are regarded as the basic unit of classification. 

Obligate categories
     They are used in classification and are explaned below. 
   There are seven obligate categories..... 
1. kingxom
2. Division or phylum
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species
     Sub categories are also there to facilitate scientific placement of various taxa. 
 1. Species
        The lowest or basic taxonomic category, it also a key point for classification, and for understanding taxonomic as well as evolution. 
  Species are the groups of individuals which resemble one another, carry the same type and amount of genetic material, so that they are able to breed freely among themselves i  natural conditions. 
    
A species may have sub groups called subspecies or varieties showing certain distinct features of their own. 

 Morpho species- new species created only on the basis of morphological characters. Eg, Darwin's finches. 

  Sibling species- species which are difficult to distinguish on the basis of morphological characters but they are not able to interbreed ( reproductive isolated) . Eg, malaria causing mosquitoes of Europe Ankoheles maculipennis and Anopheles droparvus. 

  Allopatic  species- species which are created as a  result of geographical isolation. 

   Simpatric species- species are created by reproductive isolation ( if there is mutation occurred in some members of a population then they may be Reproductively isolated) . 

2. Genus
    The higher category above the species, a group of species which are related and have less characters in common as compared to species. A genus may have more than one species. 

Genus  - monotypic ( single species - Homo                                      sapience)
              - polytypic( several species- Panthera leo                      and Panthera tigris) 
   The correlated  characters of species of a genus indicates a common ancestry for all species of a genus. 

3. Family
     Represented byba group of related genera. Ex,  the genus Panthera and the genus felis are included in the family  felidae. 

4. Order
      It's an assemblage of families resembling one another in a few characters. Ex., order carnivora contains related families of canidae and felidae. 

5. Class
     Made up of one or more related orders. The class mamalia have a number of orders ie carnivora, rodentia, insectivora etc 

6. Phylum or Division
     It consists of one or several related classes having some similar correlate characters. Ex., among the animals phylum chordata includes classes Pisces, Amphibia, Reptalia and Mammals etc. 

7. Kingdom
     In general, it includes all organisms which share a set of distinguishing characters. It's the highest level of biological classification. 

All the best👍💯% 😄😄😄😄😄😄.... 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Cell structure and cell wall of algae notes

-
Image
CELL STRUCTURE  CELL WALL FLAGELLA CELL STRUCTURE   On the basis of their organization algal cell maybe differentiate into prokaryotic, mesokaryotic, and Eukaryotic. Prokaryotic are primitive found in Cyanophycean algae characterised by absence of membrane bound organelles, absence of basic protein called histones in DNA.                A Eukaryotic cell have a well organized nucleus and membrane bound organelles.                Mesokaryotic cell has a nuclear membrane and chromosomes(Eukaryotic characters), basic proteins are absent and nucleus division like prokaryotic type (prokaryotic characters). Fou8 in members of Dynophyceae.  1.CELL WALL       Most of the non motile unicellular and multicellular algae possess a typical cellulosic cell wall of non living matter out side the cytoplasmic membrane. It composed of pure or mixed carbohydrate ( cellulose, mucilage, pectin etc.) and substances like alginic acids, fucoidin,, fucin and hemicellulose are present in brown algae
Read more

what is Haplodiplontic life cycle ( triphasic)

-
Image
Triphasic life cycle.       In triphasic life cycle there is a succession of there generation ie may be two haploid generations and one diploid generation or one haploid generation with two diploid generations.it is of following types ie ,   I.Haplobiontic type ( 2 haploid + 1 diploid)         In some rhodophyceae like Batrachospermum two well developed haploid phase are present and the diploid phase is represented by only zygote.                 The haploid plant body bears sex organs ( spermatogonia, carpogonia ) haploid gametes ( sperm and egg)  are formed in these sex organs,a diploid zygote is formed by the fusion of two gametes.the nucleus of the zygote divides meiotically to form four haploid carpogonia ,  they later develop into carposporophyte  generation ( a haploid generation) . the carposporophyte bears carpospores , after liberation carpospores are germinate into heterogeneous chantransia stage ( resting stage) , after this stage a new gametophytic
Read more

Mechanism of enzyme action , active sites, interactions, enzyme specificity, lowering of activation energy, notes

-
Image
Mechanism of enzyme action       The cellular environment normally does not favour a chemical reaction as the biological molecules are quite stable in aqueous environment in the cell at fixed temp and pH. The activation of substrate is prerequisite to overcome the transition state and to proceed the reaction in desire direction.the activation of the substrate is done by the enzyme. How the enzyme decreases the activation energy ,It will be discussed below.    Active sites       The enzymes have a ability to bring the substrate closer and in suitable orientation so as to favour the formation of ES ( enzyme substrate complex ) , the substrate binds to the enzyme at specific place or site called active sites.it is so designed that it will occupy by only the selected molecules, these sites have specific amino acid residues which establish covalent links with the substrate, this links provides the formation of transition state and hence lower the activation energy.each enzyme have different
Read more