Economical importance of bryophytes

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ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES Mosses and Bryophytes are the first organiasms to colonise rocks. They colonise rock by acidic secretion. This acidic secretion is due to the death of mosses. When the rock is decomposed it helps in soil formation. Therefore New soils are formed. The soil act as binders.  It prevent soil erosion. The water retention capacity of the soil is high ie, water holding capacity of the soil is high.  This reduces surface water run-off which prevent soil erosion. Bryophyte helps in the recycling of nutrients. ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES. 1) SPHAGNUM Sphagnum has high absorptive power with antiseptic property. This can be used to replace cotton in bandages. 2) MERCHANTIA   Mercahntia cures pulmonary tuberculosisand affliction (pain) in liver. Antibiotic substances are also extracted from bryophytes. it also acts as antiseptic, and as preservative POLYTRICHUM Polytrichum dissolove stone in kidney and in gall bladder. 3) IN RESEARCH It is u...
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IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE-IN INDUSTRY, IN SEWAGE DISPOSAL, A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY AND IN BIOTECHNOLOGY.

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ALGAE IN SEWAGE DISPOSAL


   Water borne domestic and industrial waste is called sewage. It contains inorganic and organic materials which mainly dispose through aerobic process. As it is poor in oxygen, algae such as chlorella, Chlymado, euglena, scandesmus. These are used as a source of oxygen required for bacterias to oxidised the sewage through aerobic process. In these process they help in  controlling pollution upto a certain percentage. 

ALGAE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

   a) As antibiotics

     Many algae such as chlorella, cladophora, polls, laminaria and lyngbya are some algae , which synthesize antibiotics substance. The first antibiotics Chlorelin obtain from chlorella. Ascophyllum nodosum is effective against both  gram +and_ bacteria. Members of Charles have larvicidal properties use to kill mosquitoes. 

b) As Medicine

    Many algae such as Gelidium, porphyra, rhodomela, etc are users for medicinal purposes. Some algae are used in the treatment of diseases of kidney, urinary bladder, and lungs. Brown algae are used in various goiter(abnormal enlarge of thyroid due to iodine deficiency) aas they rich in iodine. Gelidium is useful in stomach disorder. Seaweed are a good source of vitamins. Diatoms, porphyra, Gelidium etc are the source is vitamin A. Furcollania and Rhodomela are rich in thymine. Porphyra is also contains vitamin C. 

c) As experimental materials

      Algae Provide valuable experimental materials research work on plant physiology, genetics and   biochemistry. Research in genetics and cytology  carried out on Acetabularia, Chlorella used for studying the path of carbon durian photo. 

ALGAE AS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

        In recent times hydrogen  is used as a source of a renewable sources of fuels. Now a days hydrogen gas production is an important area of biotechnological research. Thus to achieve the photosynthesis machinery  of green plants employed. Hydrogen gas is obtained from hydrogen ions which is used as a fuel. The enzymes hydrogenase and nitrogenase convert hydrogen ions to gas. Algae like scenedesmus, chlymasomonas, oscillatoria etc possess hydrogenase and blue green algae like anabaena is the source of nitrogenase enzyme. Hydrocarbon producer by some algae(Botrycoccus braunii) may also serve as liquid or gas fuel. 

ALGAE IN INDUSTRY
    Many commercials and pharmaceutical products derived from algae, such as agar, carrageenan, alginate and diatomite are some important products of algal origin. 

a) Agar

      Agar is obtained commercially from the species of Gelidium, Pterocladia, Gracillaria, Chondrus and Gigartina etc. Mainly agar is obtained from red algae. It has a greatest uses in food and pharmaceutical and Cosmetics  industry, in manufacturing of cheese, creams and jellies. In preservation of materials. It is used almost in every century as stiffening agent in culture media. 

b) Carrageenan

      Obtained from the cell wall of Chondrus crispus and Gigartina stellata. It also an excellent stabiliseris an additives to food  help to preserve it's structures) in milk products. It's extensively used in stabilization of emultion in paints, cosmetics, toothpaste and ice cream. It's also used in textile, leather and brewing industry. 

c) Alginate

      These are the salts of alginic acids, Whi occurs on the cell wall (middle lamella are primary cell wall) of brown algae belonging to the order Laminariales. It's extracted from  ) Laminaria, Ascophyllum, fucus, Macrocystis and Lessonia etc. Alginates are non toxic and viscous so readily form gel, hence used as thickner in soup sauce and cream etc. It can stop bleeding effectively. Prepared flame proof fabrix. 

d) Diatomite ( from diatoms- silica) 

       After death of diatoms the body diposited at the bottom of water. This disposition of diatomaceous earth called as diatomites. The most extensive deposit found in Lompoc in California .it's insoluble, chemically inert, and show physically exceptional properties, so it is suitable for use in industry. It's used as filter, insulator in boilers and blast furnace, in manufacturing of car,water glass etc. It's also used in tooth paste, paints, and silver polishing powder. 

e) Funori

     A type of glue, it's obtained from Gloiopeltis furcata. Used as a cosmetics, for hair curly and dyeing preparation. It is also an important paper and textile size agent. 

All the best .... 😀😀😀😀😀

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