Economical importance of bryophytes

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ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES Mosses and Bryophytes are the first organiasms to colonise rocks. They colonise rock by acidic secretion. This acidic secretion is due to the death of mosses. When the rock is decomposed it helps in soil formation. Therefore New soils are formed. The soil act as binders.  It prevent soil erosion. The water retention capacity of the soil is high ie, water holding capacity of the soil is high.  This reduces surface water run-off which prevent soil erosion. Bryophyte helps in the recycling of nutrients. ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES. 1) SPHAGNUM Sphagnum has high absorptive power with antiseptic property. This can be used to replace cotton in bandages. 2) MERCHANTIA   Mercahntia cures pulmonary tuberculosisand affliction (pain) in liver. Antibiotic substances are also extracted from bryophytes. it also acts as antiseptic, and as preservative POLYTRICHUM Polytrichum dissolove stone in kidney and in gall bladder. 3) IN RESEARCH It is u...
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All kingdom classifications (2, 3,4,5,6,7,8 )

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Classification of living world 


      In an ancient times the living organisms were classified based upon their uses, like food medicine etc. 
      Aristotle divided plants into herbs, shrubs,and tree, and animals into Anaima( no red blood cells) and Enaima( have red blood cells) based on presence or absence of red blood cells. 

Kingdom concept. 
     Several scientists since the time of Aristotle have divided the living organisms into different kingdoms, gradually with the discovery of more microbial forms on the basis of probably evolutionary relationship. 

1.TWO KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION

       In 1735 Carolus Linnaeus in his book "Systema nature"  divided the living organisms into two kingdom ie plantae( plants) and animalia(animals) . This classification based on nutrition and locomotoon. He placed protozoans, multicellular animals under animalia because of their compactbody, holozoic nutrition and mobility. 

Organisms
a. Plantae( plants) 
b. Animalia ( animals) 

Demerits
    It didn't indicate any evolutionary relationship, didn't distinguished between algae, fungi from autotrophic plants. He placed unicellular with multicellular forms. However the microorganisms have no proper position here as the members are found in both kingdoms. 

2.THREE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
      Ernst Heckel introduced a new kingdom protista, and proposed 3 kingdom classification. He placed all the neutral organisms which had no featured like  plants and animals in protista kingdom. The protista have both Prokaryktic and Eukaryotic microorganisms. 

Organisms
a. Protista
b. Plantae
c. Animalia

Demerits
     Nucleated and anucleated organisms placed together in protista. Heteroteophic bacteria and fungi placed along with autotrophic algae. 

3.FOUR KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
    Copeland introduced this kingdomclassification in 1936.Due to invention of election microscope organisms were found to contain either a distinct nucleus or a primitive nucleus irrespective to their unicellular and multicellular nature. He introduced a new kingdom monera to include all the Prokaryktic forms ( with out a distinct nucleus) . He placed here the Prokaryktic bacteria and BGA.in the kingdom protista he placed fungi with micro or micro algae,thus The kingdom protista( with distinct nucleus) separated with all the moneras basing on their nuclear status. 

Organisms
a. Monera (Prokaryote) 
b. Protista
c. Plantae
d. Animalia

Demerits
    Organisms were divided on the basis of cellular level, some organisms won't follow  this criteria. Organisms having extremely different characters were still not categorised. 

4.FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
       In 1969 Robert Ho Whittaker recognised a separate kingdom fungi, due to their heteroteophic mode of nutrition. He divided the monera to  include bacteria and BGA, Protista to include all Eukaryotic microorganisms except fungi, plantae include all the photographic plants and animalia with all the animals( invertebrates and vertebrate) .
Thus the 5 kingdom classification became a popular and a new multikingdom system. On the evolutionary stand points protista includes organisms having holozoic, autotrophic and absorptolive  mode of nutrition,. These holozoic mode of nutrition might have evolved to animalia, those with autotrophic evolved to plantae and those with absorptive evolved to fungi. 

Organisms
a. Monera
b. Protista
c. Fungi (Eukaryotic heteroteophic) 
d .plantae
e .Animalia

Merits
   Kingdom animalia become more homogenous after remove of protozoa into protista. Plantae also become homogenous after exclusion of bacteria and fungi. Separation of Prokaryote have done. It gives an evolutionary views. 

5. SIX KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
        In 1982 Grey and Doolittle proposed this 6 kingdom classification. They divided the kid monera into two kingdom ie Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria, the remaining four kingdom remained same as in 5 kingdom classification. Thus the living organisms divided into two Superkingdom ie prokaryota and eukaryota. Prokaryota include Archaebacteria and Eubacteria and eukaryota include kingdom protista, fungi, animalia and plantae. As a result the microorganisms divided into Four kingdom ie Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, fungi and protista. 

Organisms divided into two super kingdoms. 
a. Prokaryota- Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
b. Eukaryota- Protista, fungi, plantae and animalia


6.SEVEN KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
     IN 1987 Covaller and Smith divided the living organisms into seven kingdom. The new kingdom is chromista ( photosynthetic protista- whose chloroplast found in the lumens of endoplasmic reticulum  eg Bacillariophyceea. ) . The remaining six kingdom were remained as it was. 

Organisms
6 kingdom+ chromista ( photosynthetic protista) 

7. EIGHT KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
    Covaller and Smith on the basis of ultrastructure characteristics and r- RNA sequence proposed an eight kingdom classification of living organisms in 1998.all the eight kingdoms were put under two empires or two super kingdom ie empire prokaryota and eukaryota. Empire prokaryota divided into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria. While empire eukaryota  divided into kingdoms Chromista, Archaezoa, Protozoa, fungi, plantae and animalia. Archaezoa are the first Eukaryotes which lacks mitochondria.

Organisms into two super kingdom or empire
a. Prokaryota- Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
b. Eukaryota- chromista, archaezoa, protozoa, fungi, plantae and animalia. 



Archaebacteria- single celled bacteria,are simple , capable of living in extremely conditions like ocean depths, volcanic sites, salt brine etc . These are the oldest bacteria known while the earth formed. 

Suba- single celled bacteria and complex microorganisms normally called bacteria. Capable of living in normal conditions ie soil, water, living and non living organisms. 
      

All the best... 😄😄😄😄😄

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