Economical importance of bryophytes

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ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES Mosses and Bryophytes are the first organiasms to colonise rocks. They colonise rock by acidic secretion. This acidic secretion is due to the death of mosses. When the rock is decomposed it helps in soil formation. Therefore New soils are formed. The soil act as binders.  It prevent soil erosion. The water retention capacity of the soil is high ie, water holding capacity of the soil is high.  This reduces surface water run-off which prevent soil erosion. Bryophyte helps in the recycling of nutrients. ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES. 1) SPHAGNUM Sphagnum has high absorptive power with antiseptic property. This can be used to replace cotton in bandages. 2) MERCHANTIA   Mercahntia cures pulmonary tuberculosisand affliction (pain) in liver. Antibiotic substances are also extracted from bryophytes. it also acts as antiseptic, and as preservative POLYTRICHUM Polytrichum dissolove stone in kidney and in gall bladder. 3) IN RESEARCH It is used in the fie
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Reserve food and pigmentation of algae notes

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PIGMENT SYSTEM
     
Pigments are housed in chloroplasts. The basic structure of the photosynthetic apparatus comprises a series of flattened, membranous vesicles called the thylakoids which are within a matrix called the stroma. It is the thylakoids that contain the chlorophyll, and they are the sites of the photochemical reactions. Thylakoids can be free from one another or they can be stacked, depending upon the algal division. A pyrenoid with associated storage products may be present in a chloroplast. 
      In algae four types of pigments are found ie
  1.chlorophyll
   2.carotene
   3.xanthophyll
   4. Phycobilins


Within the algae there are 5 types of chlorophyll a, b, c (c1 and c2) and d and e. . Chlorophyll a is found in all photosynthetic algae,so it is called universal pigment. whereas chlorophyll b is confined to Euglenophyta and Chlorophyta. Chlorophyll c is found in Dinophyta, Cryptophyta, Rhaphidophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta, Xanthophyta, Phaeophyta and Prymnesiophyta. Lastly, chlorophyll d is a minor component of many red algae.chl e found in Xanthophyceaae such as vaucheria hamata. 

As well as the chlorophyll pigments, other accessory pigments also occur within the chloroplasts. These are carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls), some of which are specific to only one division. These pigments occur in sufficient quantities in some groups to mask the green colour of the chlorophyll such that the cells appear brown or golden grown (eg, brown algae, diatoms). Water-soluble chromoprotein pigments called phycobiliproteins are found on the thylakoids of Cyanobacteria and Rhodophyta, and inside those of the Cryptophyta.
    
~in algae 5 types of chlorophyll found ie a, b, c, d, and e. 
~6 types carotene 
~20 types of xanthophyll and 
~6 types of phycobilins are found. 
      Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin are the phycobilins found in cyanophycean and Rhodophycean algal cell. 
  
Protein+ phycobilins (coloured). ~phycobiliproteins


RESERVE FOOD

Algae can either be autotrophic or heterotrophic in nature. Most of them are photoautotrophic i.e., they need only light and carbon dioxide as their chief source of energy and carbon. Chemoheterotrophic algae require other external organic compounds as carbon and energy sources. Reserved food materials present in algae include starch, oils, floridean starch, and cyanophycean starch, laminarin, paramylon, soluble carbohydrates and chrysolaminarin. Among them starch, fat and oils are common but starch is the major products. 
    Floridean starch found in red algae and cyanophycean starch found in Cyanophyceae respectively. 




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