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Economical importance of bryophytes

- May 04, 2021

ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES Mosses and Bryophytes are the first organiasms to colonise rocks. They colonise rock by acidic secretion. This acidic secretion is due to the death of mosses. When the rock is decomposed it helps in soil formation. Therefore New soils are formed. The soil act as binders. It prevent soil erosion. The water retention capacity of the soil is high ie, water holding capacity of the soil is high. This reduces surface water run-off which prevent soil erosion. Bryophyte helps in the recycling of nutrients. ECONOMICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES. 1) SPHAGNUM Sphagnum has high absorptive power with antiseptic property. This can be used to replace cotton in bandages. 2) MERCHANTIA Mercahntia cures pulmonary tuberculosisand affliction (pain) in liver. Antibiotic substances are also extracted from bryophytes. it also acts as antiseptic, and as preservative POLYTRICHUM Polytrichum dissolove stone in kidney and in gall bladder. 3) IN RESEARCH It is used in the fie

Chlamydomonas , systematic position,occurance,thallus structure, ultrastructure and nutrition , notes

- May 04, 2021

Systematic position Division- chlorophyta Class- Chlorophyceae Order- volvocales Family- chlymadomonadaceae Genus- chlamydomonas Occurance According to Champman there are 325 species are available but according to Prescott there are 400 species world wide distributed.they are found in everywhere but mostly freshwater,ie ponds,lakes, tanks, rich in nitrogenous matter, provides green turbidity to the water. They are also found in terrestrial habitats and some in usual habitats ie snow regions ( C.nivalis , cause red snow phenomenon due to the pigment haematochrome) .C.halophila and C .ehrenbergii occurred in saline water.some are epizoic and endozoic.found in brekish water also. Thallus structure It's a unicellular motile alga very minute ( 20-30 micro meter) .plant body is biflaggeted( mainly) Whiplash , equal type and at the anterior end,the anterior end is pointed and posterior end is relatively broader but in C.caudata poste

Basics of biological classification-to living world- part 1

- May 02, 2021

Basics of biological classification Systematics- ( Latin word systema - order or sequence) it is the study of diversity of organisms and all their comparative and evolutionary relationship based on comparative anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and ecology. Classification - it deals with the study of ordering of organisms into groups. Taxonomy - it is the study of naming , defining and Clalassifying groups of biological organisms based on their characters. . The term systematics coined by C. Linnaeus. Generally the such as systematics, classification, and taxonomy are used interchangeable but taxonomist like Simpson relate them to Separate fields. He regarded as the classification is the subtopic of systematics and taxonomy is the study of principles and procedures of classification. Cladistics- it classify to organisms according to the historic order in which the evolutionary branches arose. It led to the emergence of new systematics or biosystematics. ( it's

Fritsch system of classification of algae Chlorophyceae,xanthophyce and bacillariophyceae , notes

- May 02, 2021

Fritsch system of classification The most effective classification of algae was given birth F.E Fritsch (1935,48) in his book " The structure and Reproduction of Algae" . This classification based on such criteria as pigmentation, types of flagella, assimilatory products, thallus structures and reproduction. He divided algae into the following eleven classes. 1. Chlorophyceae ( grass green) - nine orgers. 2.Xanthophyceae( yellow green) - four orders. 3.Chrysophyceae( brown or Orange) - three orders. 4.Bacillariophyceae(diatoms, yellow or golden- brown) two orders. 5.Cryptophyceae( nearly brown) two orders. 6.Dinophyceae( dark yellow or brown) six orders. 7.Chloromonadineae( Bright green) single order. 8.Euglenineae( pure green ) three orders. 9.Phaeophyceae( brown) nine orders. 10.Rhodophyceae ( red) seven orders. 11.Myxophyceae or Cyanophyceae ( GGA) five orders. 1.CHLOROPHYCEAE(isokontae, green algae) The Main pigments identical to that of higher p

Mechanism of enzyme action , active sites, interactions, enzyme specificity, lowering of activation energy, notes

- May 02, 2021

Mechanism of enzyme action The cellular environment normally does not favour a chemical reaction as the biological molecules are quite stable in aqueous environment in the cell at fixed temp and pH. The activation of substrate is prerequisite to overcome the transition state and to proceed the reaction in desire direction.the activation of the substrate is done by the enzyme. How the enzyme decreases the activation energy ,It will be discussed below. Active sites The enzymes have a ability to bring the substrate closer and in suitable orientation so as to favour the formation of ES ( enzyme substrate complex ) , the substrate binds to the enzyme at specific place or site called active sites.it is so designed that it will occupy by only the selected molecules, these sites have specific amino acid residues which establish covalent links with the substrate, this links provides the formation of transition state and hence lower the activation energy.each enzyme have different